Selected professional publications and reports relating to PCFG gray whales.
2025
Bird CN, Pirotta E, New L, Cornelius JM, Sumich JL, Colson KM, Bierlich KC, Hildebrand L, Fernández Ajó AA, Doron A, Torres LG. 2025. Size and body condition drive the energetic cost of a baleen whale foraging in shallow habitat. PeerJ 13:e20247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.20247.
Fernández Ajó A, Buck CL, Hunt KE, Pirotta E, New L, Dillon D, Bierlich KC, Hildebrand L, Bird CN, Torres LG. 2025. Variation in faecal testosterone levels in male gray whales on a foraging ground relative to maturity and timing. Conservation Physiology 13:1–14. DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae094.
Harris J, Calambokidis J, Perez A, Mahoney PJ. 2025. Recent trends in the abundance of seasonal gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in the Pacific, 1996-2023. Link
Hildebrand L, New L, Pirotta E, Stewart JD, Hildebrand I, Newell C. 2025. Bayesian estimation of individual gray whale space use reveals differential exposure to stressors. Ecology and Evolution 15:e71330. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.71330.
Pirotta E, New L, Fernández Ajó AA, Bierlich KC, Bird CN, Buck CL, Hildebrand L, Hunt KE, Calambokidis J, Torres LG. 2025. Body size, nutritional state and endocrine state are associated with calving probability in a long- lived marine species. Journal of Animal Ecology:1–13. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.70068.
2024
Allyn EM, Scordino JJ, Akmajian AM. 2024. Distribution and demographics of mysids (Crustacea: Mysida) as prey for gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in northwest Washington state. PeerJ 12:e16587. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16587.
Barlow DR, Strong CS, Torres LG. 2024. Three decades of nearshore surveys reveal gray whale habitat use, distribution, and abundance patterns in the Northern California Current. Scientific Reports 14:9352. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59552-z.
Bird CN, Pirotta E, New L, Bierlich KC, Donnelly M, Hildebrand L, Fernández Ajó A, Torres LG. 2024. Growing into it: evidence of an ontogenetic shift in grey whale use of foraging tactics. Animal Behaviour 214:121–135. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.06.004.
Bird CN, Pirotta E, New L, Bierlich KC, Hildebrand L, Fernández Ajó A, Torres LG. 2024. Bubble blasts! An adaptation for buoyancy regulation in shallow foraging gray whales. Ecology and Evolution 14:1–13. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70093.
Colson KM, Pirotta E, New L, Cade DE, Calambokidis J, Bierlich KC, Bird CN, Fernández Ajó A, Hildebrand L, Trites AW, Torres LG. 2024. Using accelerometry tags to quantify gray whale foraging behavior. Marine Mammal Science:1–24. DOI: 10.1111/mms.13210.
Harris J, Calambokidis JC, Perez A, Mahoney PJ. 2024. Recent trends in the abundance of seasonal gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in the Pacific Northwest, 1996-2022. Paper SC/69B/ForInfo/43 Presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission:14 p.
Hildebrand L, Derville S, Hildebrand I, Torres LG. 2024. Exploring indirect effects of a classic trophic cascade between urchins and kelp on zooplankton and whales. Scientific Reports 14:9815. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59964-x.
Norman RE. 2024. Characterizing the habitat use of Pacific Coast Feeding Group gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) and the spatial and temporal variability of their benthic and planktonic invertebrate prey in northern California. California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt. Link.
Teixeira C, Mello DMD De, Dillon D, Fern A, Rice JM, Buck CL, Hunt KE, Rogers MC, Torres LG. 2024. A longitudinal study of endocrinology and foraging ecology of subadult gray whales prior to death based on baleen analysis. 352. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114492.
Walsh RP, Allyn EM, Bradford AL, Norman SA, Stimmelmayr R, Scordino JJ. 2024. Anthropogenic and killer whale (Orcinus orca) scarring on Pacific Coast Feeding Group gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in northwest Washington. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 25:85–98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v25i1.1044.
2023
Bierlich KC, Kane A, Hildebrand L, Bird CN, Fernández Ajó A, Stewart JD, Hewitt J, Hildebrand I, Sumich J, Torres LG. 2023. Downsized: gray whales using an alternative foraging ground have smaller morphology. Biology Letters 19:20230043. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0043.
Fernández Ajó A, Pirotta E, Bierlich KC, Hildebrand L, Bird CN, Hunt KE, Buck CL, New L, Dillon D, Torres LG. 2023. Assessment of a non-invasive approach to pregnancy diagnosis in grey whales through drone-based photogrammetry and faecal hormone analysis. Royal Society Open Science 10. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230452.
Pirotta E, Fernández Ajó A, Bierlich KC, Bird CN, Buck CL, New L, Haver SM, Haxel JH, Hildebrand L, Hunt KE, Lemos LS, Torres LG. 2023. Assessing variation in faecal glucocorticoid concentrations in gray whales exposed to anthropogenic stressors. Conservation Physiology 11:coad082. DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad082
Torres LG, Brander SM, Parker JI, Bloom EM, Norman R, Van Brocklin JE, Lasdin KS, Hildebrand L. 2023. Zoop to poop: assessment of microparticle loads in gray whale zooplankton prey and fecal matter reveal high daily consumption rates. Frontiers in Marine Science 10:1–11. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1201078.
2022
Corsi E, Calambokidis J, Flynn KR, Steiger GH. 2022. Killer whale predatory scarring on mysticetes: A comparison of rake marks among blue, humpback, and gray whales in the eastern North Pacific. Marine Mammal Science 38:223–234. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12863.
Harris J, Calambokidis J, Perez A, Laake J, Mahoney PJ. 2022. Recent trends in the abundance of seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1996-2020. AFSC Processed Report 2022-05:1–22. Link.
Hayes KRR, Ylitalo GM, Anderson TA, Urbán R J, Jacobsen JK, Scordino JJ, Lang AR, Baugh KA, Bolton JL, Brüniche-Olsen A, Calambokidis J, Martínez-Aguilar S, Subbiah S, Gribble MO, Godard-Codding CAJ. 2022. Influence of life-history parameters on persistent organic pollutant concentrations in blubber of Eastern North Pacific gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus). Environmental Science and Technology 56:17119–17130. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05998.
Hildebrand L, Sullivan FA, Orben RA, Derville S, Torres LG. 2022. Trade-offs in prey quantity and quality in gray whale foraging. Marine Ecology Progress Series 695:189–201. DOI: 10.3354/meps14115.
Lang AR, Weller DW, Burdin AM, Robertson K, Sychenko O, Urban R. J, Martinez-Aguilar S, Pease VL, Leduc RG, Litovka DI, Burkanov VN, Brownell Jr. RL. 2022. Population structure of North Pacific gray whales in light of trans-Pacific movements. Marine Mammal Science 38:433–468. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12875.
Lemos LS, Haxel JH, Olsen A, Burnett JD, Smith A, Chandler TE, Nieukirk SL, Larson SE, Hunt KE, Torres LG. 2022. Effects of vessel traffic and ocean noise on gray whale stress hormones. Scientific Reports:1–14. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14510-5.
Melica V, Atkinson S, Calambokidis J, Gendron D, Lang A, Scordino J. 2022. Naturally stressed? Glucocorticoid profiles in blubber of blue and gray whales in response to life history parameters. Marine Mammal Science 38:1524–1548. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12954.
Torres LG, Bird CN, Rodríguez-González F, Christiansen F, Bejder L, Lemos L, Urban R J, Swartz S, Willoughby A, Hewitt J, Bierlich KC. 2022. Range-wide comparison of gray whale body condition reveals contrasting sub-population health characteristics and vulnerability to environmental change. Frontiers in Marine Science 9:867258. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.867258.
2021
Akmajian AM, Scordino JJ, Gearin P, Gosho M. 2021. Body condition of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) feeding on the Pacific Coast reflects local and basin-wide environmental drivers and biological parameters. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 22:87–110. DOI: 10.47536/JCRM.V22I1.223.
Hildebrand L, Bernard KS, Torres LG. 2021. Do gray whales count calories? Comparing energetic values of gray whale prey across two different feeding grounds in the Eastern North Pacific. Frontiers in Marine Science 8:683634. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.683634.
International Whaling Commission. 2021. Report of the Scientific Committee. Annex G. Summary of Gray Whale Stock Structure Hypotheses Cambridge , UK , 2021. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. Link.
Lang AR, Weller DW, Burdin AM, Robertson K, Sychenko O, J. Urban R. \, Martinez-Aguilar S, Pease VL, LeDuc RG, Litovka DI, Burkanov VN, Jr. RLB. 2021. Population structure of North Pacific gray whales in light of trans-Pacific movements. Paper SC/68B/SDDNA/01 Presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission. Link.
Melica V, Atkinson S, Lang A, Scordino J, Calambokidis J, Mueter F. 2021. Application of endocrine biomarkers to update information on reproductive physiology in gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). PLOS ONE 16:e0255368. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255368.
Sato C, Wiles GJ. 2021. Periodic status review for the gray whale in Washington. Olympia, Washington. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28207.87200.
2020
Akmajian AM, Scordino JJ, Gearin P, Gosho M. 2020. Body condition of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) feeding on the Pacific Coast reflects local and basin-wide environmental drivers. Paper SC/68B/IST/03 Presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission:1–21. DOI: 10.47536/jcrm.v22i1.223
Burnham RE, Duffus DA. 2020. Maternal behaviors of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) on a summer foraging site. Marine Mammal Science:1–19. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12710.
Calambokidis J, Pérez A, Laake J. 2020. Updated analysis of abundance and population structure of seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1996-2017. Paper SC/68B/ASI01 Presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission. Link.
Lemos LS, Olsen A, Smith A, Chandler T, Larson S, Hunt K, Torres L. 2020. Assessment of fecal steroid and thyroid hormone metabolites in eastern north Pacific gray whales. Conservation Physiology 8:1–19. DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa110.
2010-2019
Béland SL, Frasier TR, Frasier BA, Darling JD. 2019. Using pre- and postexploitation samples to assess the impact of commercial whaling on the genetic characteristics of eastern North Pacific gray and humpback whales and to compare methods used to infer historic demography. Marine Mammal Science:1–23. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12652.
Brakes P, Dall SRX, Aplin LM, Bearhop S, Carroll EL, Ciucci P, Fishlock V, Ford JKB, Garland EC, Keith SA, McGregor PK, Mesnick SL, Noad MJ, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Robbins MM, Simmonds MP, Spina F, Thornton A, Wade PR, Whiting MJ, Williams J, Rendell L, Whitehead H, Whiten A, Rutz C. 2019. Animal cultures matter for conservation. Science 363:1032–1034. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw3557.
Burnham R, Duffus D. 2019. Gray whale calling response to altered soundscapes driven by whale watching activities in a foraging area. The Journal of Ocean Technology 14:85–106. Link.
Calambokidis J, Pérez A, Laake J. 2019. Updated analysis of abundance and population structure of seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1996-2017. Olympia, Washington. Link.
Lagerquist BA, Palacios DM, Winsor MH, Irvine LM, Follett TM, Mate BR. 2019. Feeding home ranges of pacific coast feeding group gray whales. Journal of Wildlife Management 83:925–937. DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21642.
Burnham R, Duffus D. 2018. Patterns of predator-prey dynamics between gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) and mysid species in Clayoquot Sound. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 19:95–103. DOI: 10.47536/jcrm.v19i1.417
Torres LG, Nieukirk SL, Lemos L, Chandler TE. 2018. Drone Up! Quantifying Whale Behavior From a New Perspective Improves Observational Capacity. Frontiers in Marine Science 5:1–14. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00319.
Burnham RE, Meland K, Duffus DA. 2017. First record of the marine mysid Hippacanthomysis platypoda Murano & Chess, 1987 in coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Crustacean Biology 37:496–498. DOI: 10.1093/jcbiol/rux047.
Calambokidis J, Laake J, Perez A. 2017. Updated analysis of abundance and population structure of seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1996-2015. Paper SC/A17/GW/05 Presented to Scientific Committee of International Whaling Commission. Link.
Calambokidis J, Perez A. 2017. Association of PCFG gray whales on migration. Paper SC/A17/GW/02 Presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission. Link.
Calambokidis J, Perez A. 2017. Sightings and follow-up of mothers and calves in the PCFG and implications for internal recruitment. Paper SC/A17/GW/04 Presented to International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee. Link.
Scordino JJ, Gosho M, Gearin PJ, Akmajian A, Calambokidis J, Wright N. 2017. Individual gray whale use of coastal waters off northwest Washington during the feeding season 1984 – 2011: Implications for management. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 16:57–69. DOI: 10.47536/jcrm.v16i1.1077
Burnham RE, Duffus DA. 2016. Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) predation and the demise of amphipod prey reserves in clayoquot sound, British Columbia. Aquatic Mammals 42:123–126. DOI: 10.1578/AM.42.2.2016.123.
Burnham RE. 2015. Reproductive strategies conferring species dominance in marine mysid (Peracarida, Mysida) species in coastal waters off Vancouver Island, BC. Crustaceana 88:1421–1438. DOI: 10.1163/15685403-00003502.
Feyrer LJ, Duffus DA. 2015. Threshold foraging by gray whales in response to fine scale variations in mysid density. Marine Mammal Science 31:560–578. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12178.
Calambokidis J, Laake J, Pérez A. 2014. Updated analysis of abundance and population structure of seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1996-2012. Final report to the National Marine Fisheries Service. Link.
D’Intino AM, Darling JD, Urbán RJ, Frasier TR. 2014. Lack of nuclear differentiation suggests reproductive connectivity between the “southern feeding group” and the larger population of eastern North Pacific gray whales, despite previous detection of mitochondrial differences. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 13:97–104. DOI: 10.47536/jcrm.v13i2.549
International Whaling Commission. 2014. Report of the Workshop on the Rangewide Review of the Population Structure and Status of North Pacific Gray Whales. Paper SC/65b/Rep08 presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission:1–49. Link.
Lang AR, Calambokidis J, Scordino J, Pease VL, Klimek A, Burkanov VN, Gearin P, Litovka DI, Robertson KM, Mate BR, Jacobsen JK, Taylor BL. 2014. Assessment of genetic structure among eastern North Pacific gray whales on their feeding grounds. Marine Mammal Science 30:1473–1493. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12129.
Butler R, MacVicar R. 2013. Field Observations of Gray Whales in Boundary Bay, British Columbia 1991-2012. Pacific Wildlife Foundation Technical Report Number 2. Link.
Punt AE, Moore JE. 2013. Seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest: an assessment of optimum sustainable population level for the Pacific coast feed group. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-518:1–24. Link.
Weller DW, Brownell RL, Laake JL, Moore JE, Rosel PE, Taylor BL, Wade PR, Bettridge S, Brownell Jr RL, Laake JL, Moore JE, Rosel PE, Taylor BL, Wade PR. 2013. Report of the National Marine Fisheries Service gray whale stock identification workshop. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS‐SWFSC 507:55. Link.
Alter SE, Newsome SD, Palumbi SR. 2012. Pre-whaling genetic diversity and population ecology in Eastern Pacific gray whales: Insights from ancient DNA and stable isotopes. PLoS ONE 7:e35039. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035039.
Calambokidis J, Laake JL, Klimek A. 2012. Updated analysis of abundance and population structure of seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1998-2010. Paper SC/M12/AWMP2-Rev presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission. Link.
D’Intino AM, Darling JD, Urban J, Frasier TR. 2012. Substructuring of mitochondrial, but not nuclear, markers in the “southern feeding group” of eastern North Pacific gray whales. Presented to the International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee SC/64/AWMP:1–14. Link.
Laake JL. 2012. Evaluation of potential bias in abundance estimates for seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest. Paper SC/64/AWMP/10 presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission:1–10. Link.
Lang AR, Martien KK. 2012. Update on the use of a simulation-based approach to evaluate plausible levels of recruitment into the Pacific Coast Feeding Group of gray whales. Paper SC/64/AWMP4 presented to the International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee. Link.
Feyrer LJ, Duffus DA. 2011. Predatory disturbance and prey species diversity: The case of gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) foraging on a multi-species mysid (family Mysidae) community. Hydrobiologia 678:37–47. DOI: 10.1007/s10750-011-0816-z.
Frasier TR, Koroscil SM, White BN, Darling JD. 2011. Assessment of population substructure in relation to summer feeding ground use in the eastern North Pacific gray whale. Endangered Species Research 14:39–48. DOI: 10.3354/esr00340.
Gosho M, Gearin P, Jenkinson R, Laake J, Mazzuca L, Kubiak D, Megill W, Gisborne B, Goley D, Tombach C, Darling J. 2011. Movements and diet of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) off Kodiak Island, Alaska, 2002-2005. Paper SC/M11/AWMP2 presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission:1–12. Link.
Lang AR, Taylor BL, Calambokidis JC, Pease VL, Klimek A, Scordino J, Robertson KM, Litovka D, Burkanov V, Gearin P, George JC, Mate B. 2011. Assessment of stock structure among gray whales utilizing feeding grounds in the Eastern North Pacific. Paper SC/M11/AWMP4 Presented to the International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee:1–22. Link.
Scordino J, Bickham J, Brandon J, Akmajian A. 2011. What is the PCFG? A review of available information. Paper SC/63/AWMP1 Presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission:1–15. Link.
Calambokidis J, Laake JL, Klimek A. 2010. Abundance and population structure of seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1998-2008. Paper SC/62/BRG32 presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission. Link.
Feyrer LJ. 2010. Differences in embryo production between sympatric species of mysids (family Mysidae) in the shallow coastal waters off Vancouver Island, BC. Marine Biology 157:2461–2465. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-010-1510-9.
Feyrer LJ. 2010. The Foraging Ecology of Gray Whales in Clayoquot Sound: Interactions Between Predator and Prey Across a Continuum of Scales. Link.
2000-2009
Calambokidis J, Klimek A, Schlender L. 2009. Summary of collaborative photographic identification of gray whales from California to Alaska for 2007. Final Report for Purchase Order AB113F-05-SE-5570. Link.
Garside CF. 2009. Relating gray whale abundance to environmental variables. University of Victoria. Link.
Nelson TA, Duffus D, Robertson C, Laberee K, Feyrer J. 2009. Spatial-temporal analysis of marine wildlife. Journal of Coastal Research 56:1537–1541. DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp067.
Newell C. 2009. Ecological interrelationships between summer resident gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) and their prey, mysid shrimp (Holmesimysis sculpta and Neomysis rayi) along the central Oregon coast. Oregon State University. Link.
Nelson TA, Duffus DA, Robertson C, Feyrer LJ. 2008. Spatial-temporal patterns in intra-annual gray whale foraging: Characterizing interactions between predators and prey in Clayquot Sound, British Columbia, Canada. Marine Mammal Science 24:356–370. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00190.x.
Pasztor CJ. 2008. The dynamic relationship between foraging gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) and their mysid prey (Mysidae), along the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. University of Victoria. Link.
Stelle LL, Megill WM, Kinzel MR. 2008. Activity budget and diving behavior of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in feeding grounds off coastal British Columbia. Marine Mammal Science 24:462–478. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00205.x.
Torres LG, Read AJ, Halpin P. 2008. Fine-scale habitat modeling of a top marine predator: Do prey data improve predictive capacity? Ecological Applications 18:1702–1717. DOI: 10.1890/07-1455.1.
Calambokidis J. 2007. Summary of collaborative photographic identification of gray whales from California to Alaska for 2004 and 2005 Final Report for Purchase Order AB133F-05-SE-5570. Link.
Laskin DN. 2007. A marine GIS case study of micro-scale gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) habitat-use off Vancouver Island, British Columbia. University of Calgary. Link.
Newell CL, Cowles TJ. 2006. Unusual gray whale Eschrichtius robustus feeding in the summer of 2005 off the central Oregon Coast. Geophysical Research Letters 33:L22S11. DOI: 10.1029/2006GL027189.
Olsen SS. 2006. Gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) and mysids (Family Mysidae): the predator-prey relationship and a new approach to prey quantification in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. University of Victoria. Link.
Woodward BL, Winn JP. 2006. Apparent lateralized behavior in gray whales feeding off the Central British Columbia coast. Marine Mammal Science 22:64–73. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00006.x.
Kerr KA. 2005. Nearshore oceanography and planktonic prey (Family Porcellanidae) of gray whales, Eschrichtius robustus, in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. University of Victoria. Link.
Calambokidis J, Lumper R, Laake J, Gosho M, Gearin P. 2004. Gray whale photographic identification in 1998-2003: collaborative research in the Pacific Northwest. Final Report to the National Marine Mammal Laboratory. Link.
Kopach BW, Brian D-O, Kopach W. 2004. Fine-scale Circulation as a Component of Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robusttis) Habitat in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. Link.
Patterson HM. 2004. Small -Scale Distributions and Dynamics of the Mysid Prey of Gray Whales. University of Victoria. Link.
Calambokidis J, Darling JD, Deecke V, Gearin P, Gosho M, Megill W, Tombach CM, Goley D, Toropova C, Gisborne B. 2002. Abundance, range and movements of a feeding aggregation of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) from California to southeastern Alaska in 1998. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 4:267–276. Link.
Calambokidis J, Gosho M, Gearin P, Darling JD, Megill W, Heath M, Goley D, Gisborne B. 2002. Gray whale photographic identification in 2001: collaborative research in the Pacific Northwest. Final report prepared for the National Marine Mammal Laboratory. Link.
Calambokidis J, Lumper R, Gosho M, Gearin P, Darling JD, Megill W, Goley D, Gisborne B, Kopach B. 2003. Gray whale photographic identification in 2002: collaborative research in the Pacific Northwest. Final contract report to the National Marine Mammal Laboratory. Link.
Calambokidis J, Schlender L, Gosho M, Gearin P. 2001. Gray whale photographic identification in 2000: collaborative research by Cascadia Research and the National Marine Mammal Laboratory. Final report prepared for the National Marine Mammal Laboratory. Link.
Dunham JS, Duffus DA. 2001. Foraging patterns of gray whales in central Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia, Canada. Marine Ecology Progress Series 223:299–310. DOI: 10.3354/meps223299.
Ramakrishnan U, Taylor BL. 2001. Can gray whale management units be assessed using mitochondrial DNA? Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 3:13–18. Link.
Calambokidis J, Darling JD, Deecke V, Gearin P, Gosho M, Megill W, Tombach CM, Gisborne B. 2000. Range and movements of seasonal resident gray whales from California to southeast Alaska. Olympia, Washington. Link.
Calambokidis J, Schlender L, Gosho M, Gearin P, Goley D, Toropova C. 2000. Final Report Gray Whale Photographic Identification in 1999. Collaborative Reserach by Cascadia Reserach, The National Marine Mammal Laboratory, and Humbolt State University. Link.
Malcolm CD, Duffus DA. 2000. Comparison of subjective and statistical methods of dive classification using data from a time-depth recorder attached to a gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 2:177–182. Link.
1990-1999
Calambokidis J, Quan J, Schlender L, Gosho M, Gearin P. 1999. Gray whale photographic identification in 1998. Final Report to the National Marine Mammal Laboratory. Link.
Calambokidis J, Schlender L, Gosho M, Gearin P. 1998. Gray whale photographic identification in 1997. Final Report to the National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Seattle, WA. Link.
Darling JD, Keogh KE, Steeves TE. 1998. Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) habitat utilization and prey species off Vancouver Island, BC. Marine Mammal Science 14:692–720. Link.
Clapham PJ, Leatherwood S, Szczepaniak I, Brownell RL. 1997. Catches of humpback and other whales from shore stations at Moss Landing and Trinidad, California, 1919-1926. Marine Mammal Science 13:368–394. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00646.x.
Malcolm C, Duffus D, Wischniowski S. 1996. Small scale behavior of large scale subjects: diving behaviour of a gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). Western Geography 6:35-44. Link.
Calambokidis J, Evenson JR, Steiger GH, Jeffries SJ. 1994. Gray whales of Washington State: Natural history and photographic catalog. Olympia, Washington. Link.
Varanasi U, Stein JE, Tilbury KL, Meador JP, Sloan CA, Clark RC, Chan S-L. 1994. Chemical contaminants in gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus). The Science of the Total Environment 145:29–53. Link.
Avery WE, Hawkinson C. 1992. Gray whale feeding in a northern California estuary. Northwest Science 66:199–203. Link.
Hawkinson CA. 1992. Feeding Ecology of Gray Whales in Agate Bay, California, Summers 1990 and 1991. San Jose State University. Link.
1980-1989
Guerrero JA. 1989. Feeding behaviors of gray whales in relation to patch dynamics of their benthic prey. San Jose State University. Link.
Calambokidis, J., G.H. Steiger, and J.C. Cubbage. 1987. Marine Mammals in the Southwestern Strait of Juan de Fuca: Natural History and Potential Impacts of Harbor Development in Neah Bay. Final report for Contract No. DACW67-85-M-0046 from Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington. 103pp. Link.
Kvitek RG, Oliver JS. 1986. Side-scan sonar estimates of the utilization of gray whale feeding grounds along Vancouver Island, Canada. Continental Shelf Research 6:639–654. Link.
Kvitek RG. 1986. Side-scan sonar estimates of the utilization of gray whale feeding grounds along Vancouver Island, Canada. San Francisco State University. DOI: 10.1016/0278-4343(86)90028-2.
Oliver JS, Slattery PN. 1985. Destruction and Opportunity on the Sea Floor: Effects of Gray Whale Feeding. Ecology 66:1965–1975. DOI: 10.2307/2937392
Oliver JS, Kvitek RG. 1984. Side-Scan Sonar Records And Diver Observations Of The Gray Whale (Eschrichtius Robustus) Feeding Grounds. Reference: Biol. Bull 167:264–269. DOI: 10.2307/1541353
Sumich JL. 1984. Gray whales along the Oregon coast in summer, 1977-1980. The Murrelet 65:33–40. Link.
1970-1979
Patten D, Samaras W. 1977. Unseasonable occurrences of gray whales. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 76:205. Link.
